Anter
- Nā ʻōuli o nā ilo ma ka pōpoki
- Nā ʻano Wormest Intestinal i nā pōpoki
- Nematodes i nā pōpoki
- ascariasis
- nā ʻūlū
- Hiki ke maʻi i ke keiki keiki?
- Hoʻomaʻo Nematode
- ʻO Cestodes i nā pōpoki (nā ilo anu)
- canew tapeworm
- genus taenia
- ʻ .lelo Echinococcus
- ʻO nā ilo mikroskopa i loko o nā pōpoki
- ʻO Giardiasis
- ʻO Apicomplexa Coccidia
- toxoplasmosis
- Kāohi ʻana i nā ilo i nā pōpoki microscopic
- He aha e hana ai inā he ilo ko ka pōpoki?
- Pehea e deworm i ka pōpoki?
- Nā Lapaʻau home no nā ilo popoki
- Hoʻopili paha nā ilo ʻōpū i nā kānaka?
ʻO ʻoe ilo i nā pōpoki ʻo lākou paha kekahi o nā kumu pinepine pinepine no ke kūkākūkā veterinary, keu hoʻi ke ʻāpono mākou i kahi keiki keiki. Eia nō naʻe, pono mākou e ʻike i ka hiki ʻole o nā pōpoki mākua iā lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e noho ana i loko o ka hale, ʻoiai hiki iā mākou iho ke hāpai iā lākou i ko mākou kāmaʻa me ke ʻano ʻole. No laila ke koʻikoʻi o ke deworming i kā mākou pōpoki i kēlā me kēia manawa, me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā huahana lāʻau lāʻau.
ʻO ke alo o ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai he ilo i nā pōpoki, aia i loko o nā feces o kēlā me kēia kanaka, lawa ia e hana ai i kahi hōʻailona. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi ʻōuli ʻike ʻole ʻia, e like me ke kapa ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū e hiki ke hūnā i ke alo o nā parasites a hiki i ka manawa e hoʻonui ʻia ai ka infestation.
Ma kēia ʻatikala PeritoAnimal e kamaʻilio kikoʻī mākou e pili ana i nā ilo i nā pōpoki a e ʻike ʻoe i kahi alakaʻi piha kikoʻī ma nā ilo ʻōpū i nā pōpoki. E wehewehe mākou i nā ʻōuli, pehea ka maʻi lele, he aha nā koho lapaʻau e ola ai, a me nā mea hou aku!
Nā ʻōuli o nā ilo ma ka pōpoki
ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia nā parasites ʻōpū āpau e ke kū ʻana o nā ilo i ka pahu, no laila he mea nui e makaʻala i nā hōʻailona pinepine o ilo i nā pōpoki, kahi e hōʻike ai i nā hōʻike lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, e like me:
- Kaumaha emi
- Anemia
- Pohā
- nā pilikia ulu
- Palule puʻupuʻu
- ʻōpū pehu
- ʻōpū ʻōpū
- ka luaʻi
- pahu noho pouli
- Gastritis
- Malabsorption meaʻai
- Apathy
- ʻōpū koko
- Pohā wai
Nā ʻano Wormest Intestinal i nā pōpoki
Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ilo o loko o nā pōpoki, no laila he mea nui e aʻo e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. A laila, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā mea maʻamau: nematodes (worm cylindrical), cestodes a i ʻole tapeworms (worm flat), giardia, coccidia a i ʻole toxoplasmosis, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. E hoʻomau i ka heluhelu ʻana e ʻike iā lākou:
Nematodes i nā pōpoki
Ma lalo o ka inoa nematodes i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i nā ʻano nui o nā parasites i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ilo no kona ʻano like me ia. Ma loko o kēia pūʻulu, hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā pōpoki e nā ʻano ʻelua o nā parasite: nā ʻūpuni a me nā hookworms.
ascariasis
Maʻaneʻi ʻike mākou iā Toxocara cati a me Toxascaris leonina, ʻo ka mea hope loa he mea nui ʻole e pili ana i ka incidence a me ka symptomatology. Me ke kanalua ʻole, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Toxocara cati i kahi hohonu hohonu e pono ai: he ʻōnaehana biolo pololei kāna, akā paʻakikī loa, puka i waho nā hua a ma hope o kekahi mau lā, kahi maʻi maʻi maʻi (larva i ka pae III). ʻO kēia hua me ka larva infective hiki ke ale ʻia e kahi keiki keiki, ma ia hihia e hū ka hua i loko o ka ʻōpū. L-lll kea i ka paia ʻōpū a ma o ka holo ʻana a hiki i ke akepaʻa a laila ka māmā (ʻōnaehana portal).
Aia kekahi molt hou no ka pae larval aʻe a, ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka mea e hoʻopuka ai i ka phlegm a me kahi reflex moni, hele kēia larva i ka waha a hoʻi i ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. Ma laila e lilo i kanaka makua a hoʻopili iā ia iho i ka ʻōpū, e lawe pololei i nā mea momona a hoʻokūkū i ka omo me ke keiki.
ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻokomo i ke koko, akā ʻaihue i nā meaola, hiki ke alakaʻi ʻia i nā ʻōuli ascarid maʻamau: ka lole ʻaʻano, ke kaupaona liʻiliʻi, ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ka luaʻi ʻana me nā ilo ilo
nā ʻūlū
I kēia ʻano nematode, ʻike mākou i ka Tubaeform ancylostoma a ʻo ka Uncinaria stenocephala. He lou ko lākou i loko o ko lākou waha waha a pili paʻa lākou i ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi e omo i ke koko. No kēia, hoʻokuʻu lākou i anticoagulant a inā he nui loa nā parasites, e hoʻonui lākou i ke kahe ʻana o ke koko, me ke ʻano o nā noho ʻānō i waihoʻoluʻu ʻia. ʻO nā ʻōuli ʻano o ka hookworms:
Liʻiliʻi kona nui i nā ascarids, 0.5-1.5 cm, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka contagion transmammary (ke lawe nei i ka waiū umauma), hānau hānau (i loko o ka kōpū, hiki i nā larvae keʻa i ka placenta, e hānau ʻia ke keiki keiki i maʻi ʻia, kahi mea ʻaʻole hiki i Toxocara cati) a ʻoiai kūpale, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hele a ka pōpoki ma luna o nā papa me nā larvae infectious.
Ua like ka pōʻaiapili olaola me ko Toxocara cati, koe wale nō ʻaʻole hiki ke keʻa i ka placenta a like pū ka mālama ʻana. Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa poʻe hoʻokipa paratenic: nā koʻekoʻe, nā manu, nā ʻūnū, nā nalo ... ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hua manu me nā larva infective ma mua o nā ascarids i ke kaiapuni, akā i nā kūlana o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahana mahana, kūpaʻa lākou.
Hiki ke maʻi i ke keiki keiki?
ʻAʻole paha paha. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he nui nā ʻōkuhi o kēia mau ascarids a ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa ka mea e hana ʻia inā e lawe ʻia nā larva infective e kahi pōpoki wahine makua me ke kūlana pale maikaʻi. Hoʻopili ka larvae infective i ka ʻōpū ma hope o ka hatching, akā hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana i loko o nā kino o ka pōpoki (visceral larvae migrate): ka lolo, ka puʻuwai, ka ate, ka māmā, ka mākala a me ka mammary gland. ma laila lākou paʻa paʻa, latent no nā makahiki. Mālama ke kūlana pale maikaʻi o ka pōpoki iā lākou i ke kūʻono.
Akā ʻo ka hāpai ʻana a ma hope o ka hānau ʻana ke kumu o ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā pale a me nā ʻūlū "ala" a hiki ke hele aʻe mai ka mammary gland ma o ka galactogen i ke keiki pipi. I ka manawa i loko, ʻaʻole pono e hana i nā juggling āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma luna e lilo i makua, hoʻololi pololei ia i ka larva IV a i nā mākua, me kā mākou keiki keiki e hana ana a me ka lōʻihi (3 a 15 cm) parasites i ʻekolu pule o makahiki, wale no ka hānai ʻana.
ʻO ka naʻau holoholona o nā pōpoki e hōʻike mau iā lākou i kēia mau ilo, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻiole a i ʻole nā ʻenuhe honua e hiki ke ʻai i nā hua me nā larva infective i ke kaiapuni. E hoʻohana kēia i ka hoʻolālā like, e neʻe ana i nā mākala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma luna o kēia mau pūʻali, a laila ke aʻa ʻana a ke kali nei i kahi pōpoki e hoʻokomo i ka rodent e hoʻopau i kāna pōʻaiapuni. Hana ka rodent, i kēia hihia, ma ke ʻano he "hoʻokipa paratenic", kū ke kaapuni i loko ona, lawelawe wale ia me he kaʻa. I mea e ʻoi ai ka hewa, kūpaʻa mau nā hua o ka ascaridae i ke kaiapuni, hiki ke kūpaʻa mau no nā mahina inā loaʻa ka ʻoluʻolu a me nā ʻano mahana. maikaʻi (ex: one).
Hoʻomaʻo Nematode
ʻO Milbemycin oxime (i ka papa) kahi huahana kūpono no nā mākua, a i ʻole selamectin (i kahi pipette), akā i nā keiki i waena o 3 mau hebedoma a me ʻekolu mau mahina, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi ke hoʻohana i albendazole a i ʻole fenbendazole (i ke kau ʻia) no kekahi mau lā, ʻoiai ka hana lohi akā palekana e hoʻolei iki iā lākou i nā parasites a ʻaʻole ia e ālai i ka ʻōpū.
E hoʻohemo ʻia lākou i kēlā me kēia pule ʻelua, mai ʻekolu pule o ka makahiki a hiki i ʻekolu mahina o ko lākou makahiki, a i kēlā me kēia mahina a hiki i ko lākou piha ʻana i nā makahiki ʻeono. ʻano paʻakai pyrantel pamoate a i ʻole febantel ua emi iki ka maikaʻi, akā i ka lawa kūpono hiki iā lākou ke uhi pono i nā ascarids.
ʻO ka mea maikaʻi e hoʻomau i ka deworming i kēlā me kēia ʻekolu mahina mai ka ʻeono mahina a ʻoi aku, a ʻoi aku paha inā he keiki a hele ka pōpoki i waho, akā ʻo ia nō paha ke koho a kā mākou kauka holoholona e lana i nā feces mai kēlā me kēia manawa a deworm iā ia inā ka nānā ʻana i nā hua manu ascarid. No laila, inā kānalua ʻoe i kēia mau ilo i nā pōpoki, e ʻimi koke i kahi loea.
ʻO Cestodes i nā pōpoki (nā ilo anu)
Ke hoʻomau nei me nā ilo i loko o nā pōpoki, kikoʻī i nā mea e hoʻopili i nā ʻōpū, aia kekahi pūʻulu nui, nā pālahalaha, nā mea e komo i nā ulana kaulana. Ma lalo, e haʻi mākou i nā mea nui loa:
canew tapeworm
Ka canew tapeworm (Kanal Dipylidium. ʻO ka maʻamau lawe-palaʻa i nā pōpoki ka hapanui, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia e nā kika i nā pōpoki. ʻAʻole mākou e nānā i kahi simtomatology maopopo loa, koe wale no nā proglottids hāpai i nā feces o ka holoholona a me ka anus a i ʻole kekahi aniani anal. Mālama ʻia ia me praziquantel, e koi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali waena.
E ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka tapeworm canine i kā mākou ʻatikala e pili ana i ka ilo woreworm ʻīlio - nā ʻōuli a me nā lāʻau.
genus taenia
hulahula ʻo ia ka mea nui loa, ʻo ia kekahi cestode e hiki ai ke parasitize i kā mākou pōpoki ma o ka lawe ʻana i nā pūʻali waena waena i loaʻa i ka maʻi. Maʻamau, ʻaʻole hāʻawi i nā ʻōuli, anus makala paha, ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, palapū a palule paha ... A, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō, ka nānā ʻana o nā proglottids hāpai i ka pahu.
ʻ .lelo Echinococcus
Echinococcus granulosus ʻo ia kekahi o nā ilo ilo loa i nā pōpoki, akā hoihoi ke haʻi aku iā ia no ka mea nui ke kuleana no ka maʻi i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kāne, ka cyatid pono. Eia nō naʻe ka pōpoki, he mea hoʻokipa nui ʻole ʻia ia, i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mau manawa liʻiliʻi, me ka ʻīlio a me ka ʻalopeke ke ʻano hoʻokipa nui loa.
ʻO nā ilo mikroskopa i loko o nā pōpoki
Aia kekahi mau ilo i loko o nā pōpoki e hiki ke hoʻopili iā lākou āpau (nā mea hānai, nā wahi hoʻomalu, nā kolone a i ʻole nā mea mahuka, e laʻa me). ʻO nā mea kaulana loa ka protozoa, i waena o nā mea e pono e ʻōlelo ʻia:
ʻO Giardiasis
ʻO Giardiosis i loko o nā pōpoki ma muli o kahi flagellate protozoan e hāpai i kahi a hōʻailona mai ka palahalaha intermittent, me kekahi mau mucus a me kahi kulu o ke koko hou, i kahi kūlana olakino olakino āpau a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻōuli.
Kūleʻa i nā wahi pulu, a me ka contagion is via oro-fecal, he mea nui ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, disinfection a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o nā ʻāpana i kēia mau kaiāulu. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka fenbendazole no ʻelima mau lā a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metronidazole no kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka manawa. ʻO ka hope kahi antibiotic me ka mana antiprotozoal.
ʻO Apicomplexa Coccidia
ʻO lākou kekahi ʻano protozoan, e like me Ghuhū, akā ʻaʻohe hahau. Ma loko o ka coccidia loaʻa iā mākou ka genus isospora spp He aha pili nui i nā keiki ʻōpio o nā pūʻulu feline, e hoʻoulu ana i ka diarrhea melemele, ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ulu, ka lole ʻeleʻele a puʻupuʻu hoʻi, ka ʻōpū ʻōpū ...
Ma ke ʻano laulaha, nā kūlana koʻikoʻi nā coinfection me nā koʻohune a he mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi asymptomat e palena ana iā ia iho. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia lākou e ka noiʻi coprological (ʻike ʻia nā oocstist i ka pahu holo) akā i kekahi manawa koi ʻia nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole hoʻopunipuni a me nā ʻenehana ʻike keʻena hoʻokolohua. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā sulfonamides (antibiotics me ka hana kūʻē iā protozoa) no 5-7 mau lā a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana o diclazuril a i ʻole toltrazuril i hoʻokahi mahele lāʻau, kahi lāʻau i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻole ʻia no ka felines akā hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
toxoplasmosis
ʻO ka genoc toxoplasma kahi nona wale nō ka Toxoplasma gondii, kekahi ʻano coccide, kaulana kaumaha. ʻ popoki a me nā felines ʻē aʻe ʻo lākou wale nō ka pūʻali definitive o ka parasite (ʻo kā lākou hānau kolohe ʻana i ka pōpoki). ka ʻōlapa hele a maʻi ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo mai nā waihona wai i loaʻa i ka maʻi me nā oocist o nā parasite, ʻoi loa nā rodents.
ʻOiai mākou e hoʻopili iā ia i loko o ka hui o nā ilo i nā pōpoki e hoʻopili i ka ʻōpū, hiki iā ia ke kumu nā ʻōuli ʻokoʻa loa a maʻamau ʻole ʻole: anorexia, fiva, apathy, ʻōuli neurological, hōʻino maka, dyspnoea ... ʻĀwīwī, pale pinepine a hoʻopunipuni pinepine nā ʻōuli. ka maʻi maʻi i utero he mea make ia i ka manawa maʻamau. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ʻo ka coinfection me Leukemia virus a i ʻole ka immunodeficiency feline e hāpai i nā ʻōuli o ka toxoplasmosis.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lapaʻau kūpono i ka hoʻohana ʻana o clindamycin no 4 mau pule, ʻelua manawa i ka lā, a pinepine ka hoʻi ʻana. ʻAʻole pololei loa ka ʻike ʻana e ka loiloi coprological, e like me ka pōpoki i loaʻa i ka maʻi hoʻopau i nā hua (oocstist) intermittently a me erratically, no laila, ke hoʻoholo ʻana o nā meaola i loko o ke koko e nā ʻano kikoʻī e hōʻike ʻia, me ke ʻano o nā ʻōuli maʻi e kuhikuhi i kēia protozoan.
ʻO ka pale ʻana i kā mākou pōpoki mai ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo maka, a i ʻole ke kiʻi ʻana i nā rodents, ʻo ia ke ala e pale ai i ka maʻi lele. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka maʻi o nā pōpoki ma o ka lawe ʻana i nā oocist sporulated i loko o ke kaiapuni (maʻi nā kānaka i ka holoi ʻole ʻana i nā mea kanu, no ka laʻana), no ka mea aia kēia mau mea i nā feces o nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻole hāʻawi ʻia nā felines i ka coprophagia (ka hana o ka ʻai feces).
He mea nui ka hele ʻana i ka veterinarian e ʻike inā he toxoplasmosis ka pōpoki, a koʻikoʻi nui i wahine hāpai, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻopili i ka fetus. Eia naʻe, inā mākou e hōʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu, he paʻakikī loa kona lawe ʻana.
Kāohi ʻana i nā ilo i nā pōpoki microscopic
Pono ka disinfection a me nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i mea e pale aku ai i nā maʻi hou, no ka mea, hiki i nā kittens mālama ʻia ke hoʻopau i nā oocstist no kahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai inā ua lanakila lākou i ka hopena diarrheal, hiki ke kumu i maʻi hou i kā lākou mau hoa.
He aha e hana ai inā he ilo ko ka pōpoki?
I kēia manawa ua kamaʻāina mākou i nā ilo ʻōpū ʻoi loa, e ʻike ʻoe he mea nui ia. deworm mau kou feline. Eia nō naʻe, inā kānalua ʻoe e ʻeha nei kāu pōpoki mai kahi infestation, makemake nui ʻia. e hele i ka vet e hoʻoholo he aha ke ʻano o ka parasite a no ke ʻano o ka maʻemaʻe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻopili ʻia mai ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna.
Pehea e deworm i ka pōpoki?
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe e pili ana i nā ilo i loko o nā pōpoki e hoʻopili i ka ʻōpū, e ʻike ʻoe i ke kumu o ka mea nui. deworm mau nā pōpoki, kūloko a me waho. Eia nō naʻe, inā kānalua ʻoe e ʻeha nei kāu pōpoki i kahi infestation laulā, makemake nui ʻia ʻoe e hele i ka vet e hoʻoholo he aha ke ʻano o ka parasite e pili ana iā ia a he aha ke kūpono e kūpono loa ai e hoʻopau iā ia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ilo ʻōpū i nā pōpoki, e like me kāu i ʻike ai i nā ʻāpana mua, i kekahi mau hihia a lapaʻau wā i mea e pale ai i nā hoʻi hou ʻana, kahi a mākou e lawelawe pinepine ai i nā lāʻau kikoʻī a i ʻole nā anthelmintics.
Nui nā lāʻau no nā ilo i nā pōpoki, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea āpau ke kū ʻia kahi infestation laulā, no laila ke paipai nei mākou e hōʻalo loa i nā mea i loaʻa ʻole nā noiʻi e hōʻoia i ko lākou pono, hiki ke loaʻa ma nā supermarket a me nā loea ʻole. hale kūʻai. Kūleʻa mau mākou i nā huahana kūpono no ke kūʻai aku i nā kauka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nā Lapaʻau home no nā ilo popoki
Ma ka pūnaewele hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā hana he nui a me nā lāʻau home e hoʻopau i nā ilo i nā pōpoki, eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā lāʻau kūlohelohe e pale i ko lākou helehelena, ʻaʻole e mālama iā lākou, no ka mea aia lākou i loko o ke kino o ka feline. No laila, ʻaʻole mākou e aʻoaʻo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau home i nā pōpoki deworm o loko, ʻoiai ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kahi nui o nā parasite.
Inā makemake ʻoe e pale i kona helehelena me nā lāʻau kūlohelohe, pono e hoʻopili aku iā a naturopathic a i ʻole holistic veterinarian, ʻo wai e hiki ke aʻo iā mākou me ka maikaʻi a me ka ʻole o ka waiho ʻana i ke olakino o kā mākou holoholona.
Hoʻopili paha nā ilo ʻōpū i nā kānaka?
I ka panina, e noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe inā hiki i nā nematodes, tapeworms a me nā tapeworms ke hoʻopili i nā kānaka, ʻeā? A laila, pono ʻoe e ʻike ia ʻAe, ʻo nā ilo nāna e hoʻopili ka pōpoki i nā kānaka a hiki ke lilo i mea hōʻino loa, keu hoʻi i nā keiki ʻōpio.
ʻO ʻoe toxocara cati a mau kenela hiki ke hana i ka maʻi i nā kānaka ma ke komo ʻana i nā hua me ka ulia pōpilikia, a i ka hopena a nā malihini hele ʻino visceral, He aha hiki i ka maka. Pono pono e akahele me nā keiki a hahai pololei i ka deworming e hōʻalo iā ia. ʻO Cestodes, e like me ka Kanal Dipilydium hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili i ke kanaka inā lākou e komo hewa i nā pūʻali waena, e like me nā ʻūlū a i ʻole nā makika i ka hihia o nā keiki.
ʻO kēia ʻatikala no ka ʻike wale nō, ma PeritoAnimal.com.br ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau a hana paha i kekahi ʻano o ke kuhi. Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e lawe i kāu pipi i ka kauka holoholona inā loaʻa kekahi ʻano o ke ʻano a ʻoluʻolu ʻole paha.
Inā makemake ʻoe e heluhelu hou aku i nā ʻatikala e like me Nā ilo i nā pōpoki - nā ʻōuli a me ka mālama ʻana, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e hoʻokomo i kā mākou ʻāpana ma nā Parasitic Diseases.