Anter
- he aha ka transgenesis
- He aha nā holoholona transgenic
- Transgenesis e ka microinjection o zygotes
- Transgenesis e ka manipula o nā hunaola embryonic
- Transgenesis e ka hoʻololi ʻōnaehana somatic a me ka hoʻololi nuklea a i ʻole ke kala ʻana
- Nā laʻana o nā holoholona transgenic
- Nā holoholona transgenic: nā mea maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole
- Nā Pōmaikaʻi
- Nā mea maikaʻi ʻole
ʻO kekahi o nā hanana koʻikoʻi i ka holomua ʻepekema ka hiki o holoholona lone. Nui nā hiki no ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻohana biotechnological, ʻoiai he nui nā maʻi i hoʻopau ʻia mahalo i kēia mau holoholona. Akā he aha ia mau mea? He aha nā mea maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole?
I kēia ʻatikala na PeritoAnimal, wehewehe mākou he aha nā holoholona transgenic, he aha nā transgenesis e komo ai, a hōʻike i nā laʻana a me nā ʻano o kekahi mau holoholona transgenic kaulana.
he aha ka transgenesis
ʻO Transgenesis ke kaʻina hana kahi hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻike kūlohelohe (DNA a i ʻole RNA) mai kekahi meaola i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohuli ana i ka lua, a me kāna mau keiki āpau, i meaola transgenic. ʻAʻole hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā mea kūmole piha, hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā ʻiʻo i koho ʻia ma mua, unuhi ʻia a kaʻawale.
He aha nā holoholona transgenic
ʻO nā holoholona transgenic nā mea i kū ai kekahi ʻano genetically Hoʻololi ʻia, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ia i ka hana kope ʻaʻa ʻaole i waena o nā holoholona, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he clonal reproduction.
Theoretically, nā mea ola a pau, a no laila nā holoholona āpau, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me genetically. Hoʻopaʻa nā puke ʻepekema i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā holoholona e like me nā hipa, nā kao, nā puaʻa, nā bipi, nā lāpaki, nā ʻiole, nā ʻiole, nā iʻa, nā ʻelala, nā parasites a me nā kānaka pū kekahi. Akā ʻo ka iole ʻo ia ka holoholona mua i hoʻohana ʻia, a ma kahi i kūleʻa nā ʻenehana i ho'āʻo ʻia.
Hoʻonui ākea ka hoʻohana ʻana i nāʻiole no ka mea maʻalahi ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka ʻike hou i loko o kā lākou mau keena. Eia hou, he holoholona liʻiliʻi ia, maʻalahi e lawelawe a ʻaʻole kaumaha nui, e noʻonoʻo ana i kona olakino kino a me ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka hope, like loa kāu genome i nā kānaka.
Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano hana e hana i nā holoholona transgenic:
Transgenesis e ka microinjection o zygotes
Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia kiʻina hana, kumu mua ʻia ka superovulation i ka wahine, ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka hormonal.A laila, ka hoʻouluulu, ka mea hiki ke lilo i vitro a i ʻole vivo. A laila hōʻiliʻili ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua momona. Eia ka pau ka pae mua o ka ʻenehana.
I ka mahele ʻelua, nā zygotes (nā pūnaewele i hopena ʻia mai ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi hua manu me kahi sperm maʻa a i ʻole ma o ka hoʻouluulu i vitro a i ʻole vivo) loaʻa a ʻimi uila me kahi hopena e loaʻa ana i ka DNA makemake mākou e hoʻohui i ka genome.
A laila, hoʻokomo hou ʻia kēia mau zygotes i hana ʻia i loko o ka kōpū o ka makuahine, no laila e hāpai ai ka hāpai i kahi ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻO ka hope, i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻīlio a hānai ʻia, ʻo ia hooiaioia inā lākou i hoʻohui i ka transgene (DNA waho) i loko o kā lākou genome.
Transgenesis e ka manipula o nā hunaola embryonic
I kēia ʻano hana, ma kahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā zygotes, hoʻolauna ʻia ka transgene i loko o ka ʻāpala kūpili. Lawe ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele mai ka ulu ʻana o ka blastula (kahi pae o ka hoʻomohala embryonic i ʻike ʻia e hoʻokahi papa o nā hunaola) a hoʻonoho ʻia i loko o kahi hopena e pale ai i nā hunaola mai ke ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ke koena e like me nā hunaola. Hope, hoʻolauna ʻia ka DNA haole, kūkulu hou ʻia nā hunaola i ka blastula, a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia kēia i loko o ka kōpū o ka makuahine.
ʻO ka hanauna āu e loaʻa ai me kēia ʻano he chimera, ʻo ia hoʻi e hōʻike ana kekahi mau hunaola i kou kino i ka ʻāpana a ʻaʻole haʻi e haʻi. O kahi laʻana, ka "ovegoat", chimerism ma waena o ka hipa a me ke kao, he holoholona i loaʻa nā ʻāpana o ke kino me ka hulu a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe me ka hulu hipa. Ma ke keʻa hou ʻana i nā chimeras, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea e loaʻa ka transgene i kā lākou laina germ germ, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kā lākou mau hua manu a i ʻole sperm.
Transgenesis e ka hoʻololi ʻōnaehana somatic a me ka hoʻololi nuklea a i ʻole ke kala ʻana
ʻO ka cloning he mea huki nā hunaola embryonic o kahi blastula, e hoʻoulu iā lākou i ka vitro a laila e hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o kahi oosit (cell germ wahine) kahi i lawe ʻia aku ai ka mākala. No laila hoʻohui lākou i kekahi ala i lilo ka oocyte i hua manu, ke loaʻa nei i loko o ka nucleus i ka genetic material o ka cell embryonic kumu, a ke hoʻomau nei i kona ulu ʻana ma ke ʻano he zygote.
Nā laʻana o nā holoholona transgenic
I loko o nā makahiki he 70 i hala aku nei, ua lawe ʻia kahi moʻo o ka noiʻi a me nā hoʻokolohua e loaʻa holoholona hoʻoliʻiliʻi genetically. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ka kaulana nui o Dolly nā hipa, ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka holoholona mua i clone ʻia ma ka honua e ka transgenics holoholona. E nānā i kekahi mau laʻana o nā holoholona transgenic i ʻike ʻia ma lalo:
- Frogs: i ka 1952 ua hana ʻia ia ke kalaunu mua loa ma ka mōʻaukala. ʻO ia ke kumu no ka kala ʻana iā Dolly ka hipa.
- KA hipa dolly: Kaulana ia no ka holoholona mua i kālani ʻia ma o ke ʻano o ka hoʻoili nukelea pūnaewele mai kahi pūnaewele makua, a ʻaʻole no ka holoholona mua i kālani ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia. Ua kala ʻia ʻo Dolly ma 1996.
- Nā bipi a Noto a me Kaga: ua kālani ʻia lākou i Iapana i mau manawa he mau kaukani, ma ke ʻāpana o kahi papahana i ʻimi ai hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o kaʻiʻo no ka ʻai kanaka.
- ʻO ke kao Mira: ʻo kēia kao kalai i 1998, ʻo ia ka mua o nā pipi hiki ke hana i nā lāʻau i pono no nā kānaka i kou kino.
- ʻO ka Ombretta mouflon: ka holoholona cloned mua na mālama i kahi lālani ʻaneʻane pau mua.
- ʻO ka popoki kope kope: i ka makahiki 2001, ua kāʻei ka Genetic Savings & Clone i kahi pōpoki kūloko welau nā kālepa.
- ʻO ka Zhong Zhong a me Hua Hua Monkeys: nā primate i wae mua ʻia me ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hipa Dolly, ma 2017.
Nā holoholona transgenic: nā mea maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole
I kēia manawa, transgenesis a kumuhana kontroversial loa, a ʻo kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka mea nui mai ka nele o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka transgenesis, nā mea e hoʻohana ai, a me nā kānāwai e hoʻoponopono ai i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā holoholona hoʻokolohua.
I nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa a puni ka honua, hoʻoponopono ʻia ka biosafety e kahi ʻano o nā kānāwai kikoʻī, nā kaʻina hana a i ʻole nā kuhikuhi. I Palakila, hana kūikawā ke kānāwai biosafety me recombinant DNA a ʻenehana RNA paha.
Kānāwai 8974, o Ianuali 5, 1995, Kauoha 1752, o Kēkēmapa 20, 1995, a me ke ana kuikawa 2191-9, o ʻAukake 23, 2001[1], hoʻokumu i nā kūlana palekana a me nā ʻano hana loiloi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻenekini ʻenekini i ka hana ʻana, mahi ʻana, lawelawe ʻana, lawe, kūʻai, kūʻai ʻana, hoʻokuʻu a hoʻokuʻu ʻana meaola hoʻoponopono genetically (GMO), ke ʻimi nei e pale i ke ola a me ke olakino o ke kanaka, nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, a me ke kaiapuni.[2]
Ma waena o nā maikaʻi a me nā maikaʻi ʻole i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā holoholona transgenic, ʻike mākou i kēia mau mea:
Nā Pōmaikaʻi
- Hoʻonui i ka noiʻi, mai ke kuanaʻike o ka genome.
- Nā pono no ka hana holoholona a me ke olakino.
- ʻO ka holomua i ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka, e like me ka maʻi ʻaʻai.
- Hana lāʻau.
- Hāʻawi i nā hui a me nā ʻaʻa.
- ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā panakō e pale ai i ka luku ʻia o nā laha.
Nā mea maikaʻi ʻole
- Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā laha i kēia manawa, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokau i nā laha maoli.
- ʻO ka hōʻike o nā protein i hana ʻole ma mua i kahi holoholona i hāʻawi ʻia hiki ke alakaʻi i ka helehelena o nā maʻi āpau.
- Ma kahi o ka genome e hoʻonoho ʻia ai ka ʻenemi hou i koho ʻole ʻia i kekahi mau hihia, no laila e hewa paha nā hopena i manaʻo ʻia.
- Hoʻohana ʻia nā holoholona ola, no laila he mea nui ia e lawe i kahi loiloi kūpono a hoʻoholo i ka hopena a me ka pili o nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua.
Inā makemake ʻoe e heluhelu hou aku i nā ʻatikala e like me Nā holoholona Transgenic - Ka wehewehe ʻana, nā laʻana a me nā ʻano, Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e komo i kā mākou Curiosities ʻāpana o ka honua holoholona.