Nā holoholona Bipedal - Nā laʻana a me nā ʻano

Mea Kākau: Peter Berry
Lā O Ka Hana: 13 Iulai 2021
HōʻAno Hou I Ka Lā: 13 Kepakemapa 2024
Anonim
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Anter

Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana bipedalism a i ʻole bipedalism, noʻonoʻo koke mākou i ke kanaka, a poina pinepine iā mākou aia kekahi mau holoholona e neʻe i kēia ala. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, aia nā kolo, nā holoholona e ulu kokoke ana i kā mākou laha, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia kekahi mau holoholona bipedal e pili ʻole i kekahi i kekahi, ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā kānaka. Makemake ʻoe e ʻike he aha ia?

I kēia ʻatikala na PeritoAnimal, e haʻi mākou iā ʻoe he aha nā holoholona bipedal, pehea ko lākou kumu, nā ʻano a lākou e kaʻanalike aku ai, kekahi mau laʻana a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe.

He aha nā holoholona bipedal - Hiʻona

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā holoholona i kekahi mau ʻano, kahi o ia e hoʻokumu ʻia i kā lākou ʻano locomotion. I nā hihia o nā holoholona ʻāina, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe mai kēlā wahi a kēia wahi e ka lele ʻana, ke kolo ʻana a hoʻohana ʻana paha i ko lākou mau wāwae. ʻO nā holoholona nakinaki nā mea kēlā hoʻohana i ʻelua wale o ko lākou mau wāwae e neʻe. Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala evolutionary, he nui nā laha, me nā māmela, nā manu a me nā mea kolo, i ulu e hoʻohana i kēia ʻano locomotion, me nā dinosaur a me nā kānaka.


Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bipedalism ke hele, holo a lele paha.Loaʻa i kēia ʻano holoholona o nā holoholona bipedal kēia ʻano locomotion e like me ko lākou hiki wale nō, a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā hihia kikoʻī.

Ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā bipedal a me nā holoholona quadrupedal

nā hāhā ʻo ia nā holoholona i neʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lālā ʻehā nā locomotives, ʻoiai e neʻe ana nā bipeds e hoʻohana wale ana i nā lālā hope ʻelua. I ka hihia o ka terrestrial vertebrates, he tetrapods nā mea āpau, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻehā mau lālā o ko lākou kūpuna. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau pūʻulu tetrapods, e like me nā manu, ʻelua o kā lākou lālā i hana i nā hoʻololi evolutionary a ua hopena kēia i ka locomotion bipedal.

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā bipeds a me nā quadrupeds ma muli o ka extensor a me nā mākala flexor o ko lākou mau lālā. I ka quadrupeds, ʻo ka nui o nā mākala flexor wāwae ʻaneʻane pālua i ka nui o nā mākala extensor. I nā bipeds, hoʻohuli ʻia kēia kūlana, kōkua i ke kū pololei.


Loaʻa nā maikaʻi he nui i ka locomotion Bipedal e pili ana i ka locomotion quadrupedal. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hoʻonui ia i ke kahua ʻike, e ʻae ai i nā holoholona bipedal e ʻike i nā mea weliweli a i ʻole nā ​​mea pio e hiki ai i ka wā ma mua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻae ia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā forelegs, e waiho ana iā lākou e hana i nā maneuver ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea hope loa, pili kēia ʻano locomotion i kahi kū i luna, i ʻae ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā māmā a me nā iwi ʻaoʻao i ka wā e holo ana a lele paha, e hoʻoulu ana i ka nui o ka oxygen.

Nā kumu a me ka ulu ʻana o bipedism

ʻO nā lālā Locomotor i hoʻololi i hoʻohuli ʻia i ʻelua mau hui nui o nā holoholona: nā arthropods a me nā tetrapods. Ma waena o nā tetrapods, ʻo ke kūlana quadruped ka mea maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka locomotion bipedal, i ka manawa hou, ʻike ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i ka hoʻomohala holoholona, ​​i nā hui like ʻole, ʻaʻole pono i kahi ala e pili ana. Aia kēia ʻano locomotion i nā primates, nā dinosaur, nā manu, nā marsupial lele, nā mea lele lele, nā kolo a me nā moʻo.


ʻEkolu mau kumu manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he kuleana nui no ka helehelena o ka bipedism a, no laila, o nā holoholona bipedal:

  • Ka pono no ka wikiwiki.
  • ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lālā manuahi.
  • Hoʻololi i ka lele.

Ke piʻi nei ka wikiwiki, hoʻonui ka nui o nā lālā hope i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā forelegs, e hoʻonui ana i nā ʻanuʻu i hana ʻia e nā lālā hope ma mua o nā forelegs. I kēia ʻano, i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, hiki i nā lālā i mua ke lilo i mea pale i ka wikiwiki.

dinosaurs biped

I ka hihia o nā dinosaurs, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka bipedalism ka mea maʻamau, a ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka locomotion quadrupedal i kekahi o nā ʻano. ʻO nā tetrapods āpau, ka hui e pili ana i nā dinosaurs predatory a me nā manu, he bipedal. I kēia ala, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻo nā dinosaur ka holoholona bipedal mua.

Hoʻolālā o ka bipedism

Ua ʻike ʻia ka Bipedism ma kahi kumu koho i kekahi mau moʻo. I kēia mau laha, ka neʻe ʻana i hana ʻia e ke kiʻekiʻe o ke poʻo a me ke kumu kahi hopena o ka holomua o mua e hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻi ʻana o ke kikowaena o ke kino, no ka laʻana, i ka elongation o ka huelo.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia kēlā ma waena o nā primates bipedism 11.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma ke ʻano he adaptation i ke ola i nā lāʻau. Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, ua ala kēia ʻano i kēia ʻano. Danuvius Guggenmosi ʻo ia, ʻokoʻa ka orangutane a me nā gibbons, e hoʻohana nui ana i ko lākou mau lima no ka locomotion, he mau lālā hope ko lākou i mālama pololei ʻia a ʻo ko lākou ʻano locomotor nui.

ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka lele ʻana he ʻano wikiwiki a me ka ikaika o ka locomotion, a ua ʻikea ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i waena o nā mea mammal, pili ʻia i ka bipedalism. ʻO ka lele ʻana ma luna o nā lālā hope nui e hāʻawi i kahi pono ikehu ma o ka mālama ʻana o ka ikehu ikehu paʻa.

No kēia mau kumu āpau, ua puka mai ka bipedalism a me ke kū pololei ma ke ʻano he ulu ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano i mea e ola ai lākou.

Nā laʻana o nā holoholona bipedal a me ko lākou ʻano

Ma hope o ka loiloi ʻana i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā holoholona bipedal, ke ʻike nei i nā ʻokoʻa me nā holoholona quadrupedal a me ke ʻano o kēia ʻano locomotion, ua hiki i ka manawa e ʻike ai i kekahi o nā laʻana o nā holoholona bipedal:

Kanaka (homo sapiens)

I ka hihia o nā kānaka, manaʻo ʻia ua koho nui ʻia ka bipedism ma ke ʻano he adaptation i nā lima manuahi e kiʻi i ka meaʻai. Me ka manuahi ka lima, ua hiki ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā pono hana.

ʻO ke kino o ke kanaka, kū i luna a me ka locomotion bipedal āpau, i hana hou ʻia a hoʻololi hou ʻia a hiki i ke kūlana o kēia manawa. ʻAʻole nā ​​wāwae i nā ʻāpana o ke kino i hiki ke manipulate a lilo i hale paʻa paʻa loa. Ua hana kēia mai ka hoʻohui ʻana o kekahi mau iwi, nā loli i nā kūlike o ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe a me ke ʻano o nā mākala a me nā uaua. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia ka pelvis a hoʻopili ʻia nā kuli a me nā kuʻekuʻe ma lalo o ke kino o ka umekaumaha. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hono o ke kuli ke huli a laka loa, e ʻae ana i nā wāwae e kū pololei no nā manawa lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonāukiuki nui ʻana i nā mākala i hope. ʻO ka hope, ua pōkole ka pahu mai mua a hope a ākea i nā ʻaoʻao.

Lele Hare (capensis pedestal)

huluhulu kēia 40 cm rodent lōʻihi he huelo a pepeiao lōʻihi kona, nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻomanaʻo iā mākou i nā hares, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e pili maoli iā lākou. Pōkole loa kona mau forelegs, akā lōʻihi kona alo ma hope a lōʻihi, a neʻe ʻo ia i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae. Inā pilikia, hiki iā ia ke hele ma waena o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mika i ka lele hoʻokahi.

Kangaroo ʻulaʻula (Macropus rufus)

ʻO ia ka marsupial nui loa e kū nei a me kekahi laʻana o kahi holoholona bipedal. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke neʻe e pili ana i ka hele wāwae, a hiki wale nō ke hana pēlā ma ka lele ʻana. Hana lākou i nā lele e hoʻohana ana i nā wāwae hope ʻelua i ka manawa like, a hiki i ka wikiwiki o 50 km / h.

Eudibamus cursoris

ʻO ia ka mea kolo mua kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka locomotion bipedal. Ua pau i kēia manawa, akā ua noho ia i ka hopena o Paleozoic. Ma kahi o 25 cm ka lōʻihi a hele wāwae ma ke kihi o kona mau lālā hope.

Basilisk (Basiliscus Basiliscus)

ʻO kekahi mau moʻo, e like me ka basilisk, ua hoʻomohala i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i ka bipedalism i nā manawa pono (bipedalism koho). I kēia mau laha, maʻalahi nā hoʻololi morphological. ke kino o kēia mau holoholona hoʻomau i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike kaulike a me ka quadrupedal. Ma waena o nā moʻo, hana nui ʻia ka locomotion bipedal ke neʻe nei lākou i kahi mea liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ākea ʻike ākea, ma mua o ke kuhikuhi ʻia ʻana i kahi mea ākea ākea a pono ʻole ia e nānā.

ʻ Basiliscus Basiliscus hiki iā ia ke holo me ka hoʻohana wale i kona mau wāwae hope a hiki i nā wikiwiki i hiki ai iā ia ke holo i ka wai me ka ʻole o ke poho.

Ostrich (Struthio kāmelo)

keia manu ka holoholona biped wikiwiki loa i ka honua, e piʻi nei i 70 km / h. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia ka manu nui loa, aia nō iā ia nā wāwae lōʻihi loa no kona nui a ʻoi ka lōʻihi o ke ala lōʻihi ke holo: 5 mika. ʻO ka nui o kona mau wāwae i kūlike i kona kino, a me ke ʻano o kona mau iwi, nā mākala a me nā ʻāʻī, ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻonui i kēia holoholona i kahi ala lōʻihi a me ke alapiʻi kiʻekiʻe, e hopena ana i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa.

Penguin Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus)

He mau membrane interdigital ko kēia manu i kona mau wāwae, a he lohi a kūpono ʻole hoʻi kona wahi ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, he hoʻolālā hydrodynamic kona kino morphology, e piʻi ana i 45 km / h ke ʻauʻau.

ʻĀpiki ʻAmelika (Periplanet ʻAmelika)

He pepeke ka ʻoka ʻAmelika a no laila ʻeono ona mau wāwae (no ka hui Hexapoda). Hoʻololi kūikawā ʻia kēia ʻano no ka locomotion i ka wikiwiki, a ua hoʻomohala i kahi hiki ke neʻe i nā wāwae ʻelua, a hiki i ka wikiwiki o 1.3m / s, i like ia me 40 mau manawa o kona lōʻihi o ke kino i kekona.

Ua loaʻa kēia ʻano i nā lauana locomotion ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana. Ma nā wikiwiki haʻahaʻa, hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi kapa tripod, e hoʻohana ana i ʻekolu o kona mau wāwae. Ma nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 m / s), holo ia me ke kino i hāpai ʻia mai ka honua, a me ka mua i hāpai e pili ana i ka hope. I kēia kūlana, kipaku nui ʻia kou kino e ka nā wāwae wāwae lōʻihi.

holoholona ʻopa ʻē aʻe

E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, he nui holoholona e hele wāwae ma nā wāwae ʻelua, a ma lalo hōʻike mākou i kahi papa inoa me nā hiʻohiʻona hou aku:

  • meerkats
  • chimpanzees
  • moa moa
  • nā penguins
  • ʻUckspelu
  • kangaroo
  • nā gorila
  • nā kūpale
  • ʻO Gibbons

Inā makemake ʻoe e heluhelu hou aku i nā ʻatikala e like me Nā holoholona Bipedal - Nā laʻana a me nā ʻano, Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e komo i kā mākou Curiosities ʻāpana o ka honua holoholona.