Anter
- he aha nā tetrapods
- Ke kumu a me ka evolution o tetrapods
- Nā hiʻohiʻona o tetrapods
- nā laʻana o tetrapods
- Nā tetrapods Amphibian
- nā tetrapods sauropsid
- Nā tetrapods Synapsid
Ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā tetrapods, he mea nui e ʻike ʻo lākou kekahi o nā pūʻulu vertebrate ke kūleʻa nui loa ma ka Honua. Aia lākou i loko o nā ʻano āpau e like me, mahalo i ka ulu ʻana o kā lākou lālā i nā ʻano like ʻole, ua hoʻomaʻa lākou i ke ola i ka wai, ʻāina honua a me nā wahi ea. Loaʻa kona hiʻona nui i ke kumu o kona mau lālā, akā ʻike ʻoe i ka wehewehe o ka huaʻōlelo tetrapod? A maopopo iā ʻoe no hea mai kēia pūʻulu vertebrate?
E haʻi mākou iā ʻoe e pili ana i ke kumu a me ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau holoholona, ko lākou ʻano kupaianaha a koʻikoʻi hoʻi, a e hōʻike mākou iā ʻoe i nā laʻana o kēlā me kēia. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike i kēia mau ʻaoʻao āpau o nā tetrapods, e heluhelu mau i kēia ʻatikala a mākou e hōʻike aku ai iā ʻoe ma aneʻi ma PeritoAnimal.
he aha nā tetrapods
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maopopo loa o kēia pūʻulu holoholona ke kū o nā lālā ʻehā (no laila ka inoa, tetra = ʻehā a me nā podos = wāwae). He a hui monopelika, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻāpana like kona mau lunamakaʻāinana i kahi kūpuna like, a me ke alo o kēlā mau lālā, a he "mea hou evolutionary"(ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi synapomorphy) i loaʻa i nā lālā āpau o kēia hui.
Eia pū nā nā amphibians a me nā amniotes (nā mea kolo, nā manu a me nā mea hānai manu) a, i ka ʻaoʻao, ʻano e ka lālā lālā pendactyl (me nā manamana lima 5) i hana ʻia e nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia e ʻae ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lālā a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kino, a ua ulu aʻe mai nā ʻiʻo iʻa o ka iʻa ma mua o lākou (Sarcopterygium). Ma muli o kēia kumu o nā lālā, ua hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mau mea no ka lele ʻana, ʻauʻau ʻana, a holo ʻana paha.
Ke kumu a me ka evolution o tetrapods
ʻO ka lanakila ʻana o ka Honua kahi hana lohi loa a koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā loli morphological a me nā physiological i aneane o nā ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe, i ulu i ka pōʻaiapili o Nā kaiaolaola Devonian (ma kahi o 408-360 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), kahi manawa kahi e Tiktaalik, i manaʻo ʻia he vertebrate ʻāina.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka wai a pae i ka ʻāina he aneane he laʻana o "pāhawewe adaptive".I kēia kaʻina hana, loaʻa nā holoholona i kekahi mau ʻano (e like me nā lālā mua no ka hele wāwae ʻana a i ʻole ka hiki ke hanu i ka ea) noho i nā wahi noho hou i kūpono i ko lākou ola .). Pili kēia mau hoʻololi i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka wai a me ka honua:
Me ka alahele mai ka wai a i ka ʻāina, pili nā tetrapods i nā pilikia e like me ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou mau kino ma ka ʻāina maloʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui ma mua o ka ea, a me ka umekaumaha hoʻi i ka honua. No kēia kumu, hoʻonohonoho ʻia kāu ʻōiwi iwi i a ʻokoʻa i ka iʻa, e like me nā tetrapods hiki ke nānā i ka hoʻopili ʻia o ka vertebrae ma o nā vertebral extensions (zygapophysis) e ʻae ai i ka iwi kuamoʻo a, i ka manawa like, hana ma ke alahaka kuʻina e kākoʻo i ke kaupaona o nā meaola ma lalo iho ona.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi ʻano e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻōiwi i ʻehā a ʻelima mau wahi, mai ka iwi poʻo a i ka ʻāpana huelo.
- ʻāpana cervix: ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka neʻe o ke poʻo.
- Paʻalāʻau a i ʻole ʻāpana dorsal: me nā iwi ʻaoʻao.
- ʻāpana kapu: pili i ka pelvis a hoʻoili i ka ikaika o nā wāwae i ka locomotion o ka iwi iwi.
- ʻĀpana ʻo Caudal a i ʻole ka huelo: me nā vertebrae maʻalahi ma mua o ka pahu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o tetrapods
ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka tetrapods penei:
- iwi ʻaoʻao: loaʻa iā lākou nā iwi ʻaoʻao e kōkua ai e pale i nā ʻōpala a, i nā tetrapod primitive, hoʻonui lākou i ka kolamu vertebral holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā amphibians o kēia manawa, no ka mea laʻana, ua aneane nalowale i ko lākou mau iwi ʻaoʻao, a i nā māmela e kaupalena wale ʻia ana lākou i mua o ke kumu.
- Lungs: i ka manawa, ʻo nā akemāmā (i kū ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā tetrapods a mākou e hui pū ai me ke ola o ka Honua) i lilo i poʻe wai, e like me nā amphibians, kahi ʻeke he mau ʻeke wale nō. Eia nō naʻe, i nā mea kolo, nā manu a me nā māmala, ʻāpana lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole.
- Nā kelena me ke keratin: ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia hui ke ala e pale ai i ka maloʻo o ko lākou mau kino, me nā unahi, ka lauoho a me nā hulu i hana ʻia e nā hunaola a me nā keratinized, ʻo ia hoʻi, impregnated me ka protein fibrous, keratin.
- hoʻohua hou: kekahi pilikia i alo ʻia e nā tetrapods i ka wā i hōʻea ai lākou i ka ʻāina e kūʻokoʻa i kā lākou hana hou ʻana i ke kai wai, i hiki ke hana ʻia ma o ka hua manu amniotic, i nā hihia o nā mea kolo, nā manu a me nā mea hānai manu. He ʻokoʻa nā embryonic o kēia hua manu: amnion, chorion, allantois a me ka ʻeke yolk.
- larva: nā amphibians, hōʻike i kekahi ʻano o nā ʻano hānau me kahi kūlana larval (e laʻa me nā tadpoles frog) me nā gills o waho, a hoʻomōhala kahi ʻāpana o kā lākou hoʻohua hānau i ka wai, ʻaʻole like me nā amphibian ʻē aʻe, e like me kekahi salamanders.
- nā liʻiliʻi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe: i waena o nā ʻano tetrapod ʻē aʻe, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā momona salivary e hoʻoheheʻe i ka meaʻai, ka hana ʻana o nā enzyme digestive, ke kū ʻana o kahi alelo muscular nui e lawelawe i ka hopu ʻana i ka meaʻai, e like me ke ʻano o kekahi mau mea kolo, ka pale a me ka lubrication o nā maka ma o nā kuʻemaka a me nā lacrimal glands, a me ka hopu ʻana o ke kani a me kona lawe ʻana i ka pepeiao o loko.
nā laʻana o tetrapods
ʻOiai he pūʻulu megadiverse ia, e haʻi mākou i nā laʻana hoihoi a pīhoihoi hoʻi o kēlā me kēia lāina i hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa i kēia lā.
Nā tetrapods Amphibian
Hoʻopili i ka rana (nā rana a me nā toads), nā urode (nā salamanders a me nā newts) a hale hoʻoikaika kino aiʻole nā caecilians. ʻO kekahi mau laʻana:
- rana gula ʻawahia (ʻO Phyllobates terribilis): ʻano ʻē ma muli o kāna pena ʻana i ka maka.
- ahi salamander (salamander salamander): me kāna hoʻolālā nani.
- Cecilias (nā amphibians i nalowale ko lākou mau wāwae, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo lākou nā apods)Caecilia Thompson), hiki ke piʻi i 1.5 m ka lōʻihi.
I mea e ʻike pono ai i kēia mau tetrapods kikoʻī, hoihoi paha ʻoe i kēia ʻatikala ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hanu amphibian.
nā tetrapods sauropsid
Hoʻokomo pū lākou i nā mea kolo hou, nā kuhukū a me nā manu. ʻO kekahi mau laʻana:
- papa hīmeni brazilian (ʻO Micrurus brasiliensis): me kāna lāʻau make ikaika.
- Pepehi Kill (ʻO Chelus fimbriatus): hoihoi no kāna mimicry kupaianaha.
- manu o paradaiso: he laha ʻole a pīhoihoi hoʻi e like me kā Wilson manu manu o paradaiso, nona ka laulima kūlike ʻole o nā kala.
Nā tetrapods Synapsid
Nā māmela o kēia manawa e like me:
- Platypus (Ornithorhynchus masukus): he lunamakaʻāinana semi-aquatic hoihoi loa.
- peʻapeʻa ʻalopeke lele (ʻO Acerodon jubatus): kekahi o nā māmela lele weliweli.
- mole nū hōkū (Pālolo aniani): me nā hana maʻamau o ka honua.
Inā makemake ʻoe e heluhelu hou aku i nā ʻatikala e like me Nā Tetrapods - Ka wehewehe ʻana, ka evolution, nā ʻano a me nā laʻana, Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e komo i kā mākou Curiosities ʻāpana o ka honua holoholona.