kumu o ka ʻīlio

Mea Kākau: Laura McKinney
Lā O Ka Hana: 2 Apelila 2021
HōʻAno Hou I Ka Lā: 17 Nowemapa 2024
Anonim
No ka ʻĪlio Moʻo (English)
Wikiō: No ka ʻĪlio Moʻo (English)

Anter

KA kumu o ka ʻīlio kūloko he kumuhana kontroversial ia no nā kenekulia, piha i nā ʻike ʻole a me nā kaʻao hoʻopunipuni. ʻOiai i kēia manawa aia nō nā nīnau e hoʻonā ʻia, hāʻawi ka ʻepekema i nā pane waiwai nui e kōkua e hoʻomaopopo pono i ke kumu o nā ʻīlio ʻo nā holoholona maikaʻi loa a no ke aha, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻīlio hihiu a pōpoki paha, ʻo kēia ʻano ka holoholona nui loa.

Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe he aha ka kumu o nā ʻīlio? E ʻike ma PeritoAnimal nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka Canis lupus familiaris, e hoʻomaka ana me nā carnivores mua a hoʻopau me ka nui o nā ʻano ʻīlio i kēia lā. Inā hoihoi ʻoe i ka ʻike kikoʻī i ka kumu o ka ʻīlio, mai haʻalele i kēia manawa kūpono e huakaʻi ai i ka wā kahiko a maopopo i hea a pehea i hoʻomaka ai.


He aha nā holoholona karnivora mua?

ʻO ka moʻolelo iwi mua o kahi holoholona karnivorous i hoʻi mai i 50 miliona mau makahiki i hala, i ka Eocene. ʻO kēia holoholona mua ka arboreal, hānai ʻo ia i ka alualu ʻana a me ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku kona. Ua like ia me marten, akā me kahi ihu pōkole. No laila, ua māhele ʻia kēia mau holoholona kikokiko i ʻelua mau pūʻulu:

  • Nā caniform: canids, sila, walruses, posum, bear ...
  • Nā felines: felines, mongooses, genets ...

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā felines a me nā caniforms

Kūleʻa kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua i ka hanana kūloko o ka pepeiao a me ka niho niho. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua i hana ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa wahi. Makemake huʻihuʻi honua, a ua nalowale ka nui o ka nahele a ua loaʻa ka manawa i nā kula. ʻO ia ka manawa i noho ai nā feliformes i loko o nā kumulāʻau a hoʻomaka ka caniforms e hana loea i ka hopu holoholona ma nā kula, ʻoiai nā caniforms, me nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. nele i nā kui ku pono.


He aha ke kūpuna o ka ʻīlio?

I ʻike i ke kumu o ka ʻīlio, pono e hoʻi i hope i nā kini mua i kū i ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, ʻoiai ka canid mua i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻO Prohesperocyon, i noho ma kēia wahi o Texas 40 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia canid ka nui o kahi raccoon akā lahilahi a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae ma mua o nā kūpuna arboreal.

ʻO ka canid ʻike nui ʻia ka epicyon. Me kahi poʻo ikaika loa, ua like ia me ka liona a me ka hyena ma mua o kahi ʻīlio hae. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia inā he kīʻaha kīnā ʻo ia a inā e ʻimi holoholona paha ʻo ia i nā pūʻolo, e like me ka ʻīlio hae o kēia wā. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau holoholona i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau o kēia lā a hoʻi ʻia ma waena o 20 a me 5 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hiki aku lākou i ʻelima kapuaʻi a me 150 kilos.

Ke kumu o ka ʻīlio a me nā canids ʻē aʻe

25 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, maʻAmelika Hema, ua kaʻawale ka hui, kahi i hoʻokumu ai i nā ʻohana kahiko o nā ʻīlio hae, raccoons a me nā ʻīlio hae. A me ka hoʻomaʻalili mau ʻana o ka honua, 8 miliona mau makahiki i hala, ka Alahaka ʻo Bering Strait, i ʻae i kēia mau hui ua hōʻea iā Eurasia, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou i kā lākou kekelē kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻokoʻa. Ma Eurasia, ka mua kennels lupus ua ʻike ʻia he hapa miliona wale nō ia o ka makahiki i hala aku nei, a he 250,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua hoʻi ia i ʻAmelike ʻĀkau ma o ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Bering Strait.


No ka ʻīlio hae ka ʻīlio?

I ka 1871, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Charles Darwin ke kumumanaʻo kūpuna maha, ka mea i noi e iho ka ʻīlio mai nā coyotes, nā ʻīlio hae a me nā ʻīlio hae. Eia nō naʻe, i ka 1954, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Konrad Lorenz i ka coyote ma ke ʻano o nā ʻīlio a ua noi ʻia e iho nā hānau Nordic mai ka ʻīlio hae a na ke koena i iho mai ka ʻīlio liona.

evolution o nā ʻīlio

A laila ka mai ka ʻīlio hae? I kēia manawa, mahalo i ke kaʻina DNA, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻīlio, ka ʻīlio hae, ka coyote a me ka ʻīlio hae kaʻana like i nā kaʻina DNA aʻo ka mea i like loa me kekahi o nā DNA o ka ʻīlio a me ka ʻīlio hae. ʻO kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma 2014[1] hōʻoia i ka ʻīlio a me ka ʻīlio hae i ka ʻano like, akā he mau ʻohana ʻokoʻa kēlā. Ua manaʻo ʻia hiki i nā ʻīlio a me nā ʻīlio hihiu ke loaʻa kūpuna maʻamau, akā ʻaʻohe haʻawina paʻa.

E ʻike i nā ʻīlio e like me nā ʻīlio hae i loko o kēia ʻatikala PeritoAnimal.

Kanaka a me nā ʻīlio: Nā hui mua

I ka hala ʻana o 200,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua haʻalele nā ​​kānaka mua iā ʻApelika a hōʻea i ʻEulopa, aia nō nā canids ma laila. Ua noho like lākou ma ke ʻano he hoʻokūkū no kahi wā lōʻihi a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ko lākou hui ʻana ma kahi o 30,000 mau makahiki i hala.

lā aʻo genetika nā ʻīlio mua 15 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma ka ʻĀsia wahi e kūlike me Kina o kēia lā, kūlike me ka hoʻomaka o ka mahiʻai. ʻO nā loiloi hou o 2013 mai ke Kulanui Kuekene o Uppsala [2] koi i ka pili ʻana o ka hale o ka ʻīlio ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻīlio hae a me ka ʻīlio, pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hopohopo a me ka starch metabolism.

I ka wā i hoʻokumu ai nā mahiʻai mua iā lākou iho, e hana ana i nā meaʻai starchy ikaika nui, pūʻulu hāmeʻa canid hoʻokokoke aku i nā wahi noho kanaka, e hoʻopau ana i nā koena mea kanu i waiwai i ka starch. ʻO kēia mau ʻīlio mua kekahi ʻoi aku ka hakakā ma mua o nā ʻīlio hae, ka mea i kōkua i ka hana hale.

KA ʻai starchy he mea nui ia e ulu pono ai ka laha, no ka mea, ʻo nā ʻano kūpilikiʻi i ʻeha ʻia e kēia mau ʻīlio hiki ʻole iā lākou ke ola i ka papaʻai kai o ko lākou mau kūpuna.

Ua loaʻa nā pūʻolo ʻīlio i ka meaʻai mai ke kauhale a no laila, pale aku i ka ʻāina o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo i pōmaikaʻi i nā kānaka. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo aʻe ua ʻae kēia symbiosis i kahi hoʻokokoke ma waena o nā ʻano ʻelua, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻīlio.

ʻO ka hoʻokipa ʻīlio

KA ʻO kā Coppinger's theory Wahi a 15,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokokoke nā canids i nā kauhale e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai maʻalahi. Ua hana ʻia paha, a laila nā hiʻohiʻona loa a me nā hilinaʻi hiki ke kiʻi ʻia lākou i ka meaʻai ma mua o ka poʻe i paulele ʻole i nā kānaka. Pela, ka ʻīlio hihiu ʻoi aku ka pilina a me ka docile i hiki ke loaʻa i nā kumuwaiwai, kahi i alakaʻi ʻia ai i ke ola nui a hopena i nā hanauna hou o nā ʻīlio docile. Hoʻolaha kēia kumumanaʻo i ka manaʻo ʻo ia ke kanaka i hoʻokokoke mua i ka ʻīlio me ka manaʻo e hoʻomaliʻi iā ia.

Ke kumu o nā hānau ʻīlio

I kēia manawa, ʻike mākou ma mua o 300 mau līlio ʻīlio, kekahi o lākou i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Victorian ʻEnelani e hoʻomohala i ka eugenics, ʻepekema e aʻo i nā genetics a me nā pahuhopu hoʻomaikaʻi laha. ʻO ka wehewehe o ka SAR [3] penei:

Mai a Fr. eugenics, aʻo kēia mai gr. ʻ ʻo wau 'maikaʻi a -genesis '-genesis'.

1. f. Med. Ke aʻo a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kānāwai hoʻoilina olaola i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano kanaka.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lāhui kekahi ʻano morphological e kū hoʻokahi, a ua hoʻohui nā mea hānai i loko o ka mōʻaukala i nā ʻano lawena a me ke ʻano e hoʻomohala i nā heihei hou i hiki ke hoʻolako i nā kānaka i kekahi pono ʻē aʻe. Kuhi kahi ʻano moʻokalaleo o nā lāhui he 161 iā Basenji ma ke ʻano ʻo ka ʻīlio kahiko loa o ka honua, kahi a nā ʻīlio a pau i ʻike ai i kēia lā i ulu ai.

ʻO nā Eugenics, nā fashions a me nā loli i nā kūlana o nā ʻano like ʻole i hana i ka nani i mea e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻano ʻīlio o kēia wā, e waiho ana i ke olakino, olakino, ʻano a i ʻole nā ​​hopena morphological hiki iā lākou ke kumu.

E ʻike ma o PeritoAnimal pehea ka loli ʻana o nā ʻano ʻīlio me nā kiʻi mai ka wā ma mua a me kēia manawa.

Nā hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe i holo pono ʻole

ʻO nā koena o nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā ʻīlio hihiu i loaʻa i Central Europe, no ka hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻana e hānai i nā ʻīlio hae i loko o ia wā. wā glacial hope, ma waena o 30 a me 20 tausani makahiki i hala. Akā ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mahiʻai ua lilo maoli ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pūʻulu ʻīlio i palpable. Lana ko mākou manaʻo ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻatikala i nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā kumu mua o nā canids a me nā carnivores mua.